glossary of terms

Conglomerate - In a conglomerate structure, one overall parent company owns a number of smaller companies called subsidiaries. Each of a conglomerate's subsidiary businesses runs independently but supports the wider goals and objectives of the parent company e.g. conglomerates use their subsidiaries to promote and market a media product.

Independent- Companies that are free from the control of a conglomerate. Independent companies usually specialize in producing one type of media product or service.

Public service broadcaster- A company that delivers services beneficial to the public interest. This type of company will offer products to the audience that go beyond the purpose of entertainment and many products are made specifically to inform, educate and widen participation.

Joint venture- This is when a media company works with another company on a project that is mutually beneficial for both parties.

Distribution- This includes two elements: firstly, how a product or brand reaches an audience (for example, Via web, cinema, television and so on) and secondly, it's marketing and promotion.

Cross-media - Where a conglomerate produces more than one type of media, like BBC.

Vertical integration- this is when a media company can control the production, distribution and sometimes the exchange of a product. it can be known also as the value chain.

pros- no reliance on suppliers, economies of scale, lower costs, knocking off most popular brands, potential to monopolize consumers.

cons- expensive, reduces flexibility, loss of focus, not likely to have a culture that supports both retail stores and factories.

Horizontal integration- this is when a media company uses the subsidiary companies to support the marketing process of a major brand or product.

-all through manufacturer.

Synergy-  the increased efficiency and profit that occurs at a result of vertical and horizontal integration. conglomerates are formed to create synergy in order to cross-promote. 

STUDIES:

Vickery and Hawkins suggest independent companies license their films to various distribution companies who will release them on their behalf.

- CBS distributed pride 2014 in America

- PATHÉ distributed pride 2014 in Europe

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setting- where the film is set.

diegesis- the fictional world of the narrative (time and place)

verisimilitude- how real the world appears 

diegetic effect- combination of the 2 above

props- any object held or used in the film. any prop that has to be seen functioning is a hero prop

staging- is the process of selecting ,designing, adapting to, or modifying the performance.

blocking- position of actors on stage their gestures and movements, can cannot intimacy, closeness

proxemics- how close they are and the impact it has.

costume- the clothing a character wears

makeup- to prevent their skin from looking shiny, women wear for femininity and glamour

prosthetics makeup- are special effects makeup to change appearance 

figure expression- use of facial expression to convey feelings

figure movement- how things move on screen important for creating spectacle in action movies and musicals

cross-media- 

advertisement campaign-

tag lines/slogans-

target audience-

demographics- age, gender, ethnicity, religion, level of education, occupation

psychometric- aspirer, explorer, mainstream, reformer, resigned, struggler, succeeder

audience usage- occasion, benefit, user status, usage rate, loyalty status

geographic- local, national, global

representation- individual people, social groups, 

cinematography- refers to all of the lighting and camera work in a film: shot types, camera angles, composition and aspect ratio, lighting, colour, lens type, focus, camera movement.

connentatoin- 

shot types:

- close shots: close up, big close up, medium close up(bust up), extreme close up.

-medium shots: medium mid(waist u), medium long 3/4( knees up), medium close up.

-wide shot: long shot (entire subject fills frame), extreme long, master shot (camera coverage), establishing shot (a long establishing location).

Camera angles:

-high angle- coming from top. Establish location, make subjects small diminished weak or powerless, look down on things. matching eyelines.

~types of angles within: high angle, top shot, aerial shot, aerial establishing shot.

-level- camera rest flat. Shot at eye level, creating empathy with a character. Neutral shot.

-low angle- come from bottom. matching eyelines. Making subjects look tall powerful big heroic or intimidating, or just looking at things.

-Dutch/canted angle- making things look strange surreal scary or confusing, suggest insanity or intoxication, or because they look cool.

point of view shots- show what a character is looking at, creating empathy with a character.

~subjective pov- first person, shows what a character is looking at through there eyes, creating empathy, often used as part of an eyeline match

~objective pov- shows what a character looking at but not as if were looking through there eyes, creating empathy, over the shoulder. 

denotative level- what we actually see

connotative level- what you associate with it

Media Theorists:

Todorov- 5 stage narrative theory, equilibrium, disruption, realization, repair, restoration (1969)

Strauss- structuralist (1958), good and evil, black and white, old and young, binary oppositions 

Barthes- denotation and connotation 

Active audience theory- encoding/decoding model     stuart hall 1980

-preffered reading

-negotiated reading 

-oppositional reading

-audiences have different readings based on their own upbringing ect.